Seed Glossary

Fir (Abies): Majestic evergreen conifer, including species such as Norway and Silver Firs.

It requires fresh, deep soil; the seeds require cold stratification.

Acclimatization: Gradual adaptation of seedlings from protected conditions (greenhouse) to the outdoors.

Crucial to avoid sunburn or stunted growth in spring transplants.

Maple (Acer): A deciduous tree or shrub known for its autumn colors and leaf shape.

Japanese varieties fear dry winds and too strong afternoon sun.

Yarrow: Hardy perennial herb with umbrella-shaped inflorescences, drought-resistant.

Excellent companion plant that attracts pollinating insects and natural predators.

Acidophilous: Plant that thrives in soils with a pH below 7 (e.g. Hydrangea, Azalea).

It requires specific peat-based soil and irrigation with non-calcareous water.

Water (Water Requirements): Vital element for photosynthesis and nutrient transport.

Excess is often more harmful than deficiency, causing root asphyxia.

Ageratum: Annual border plant with soft, blue, cushion-shaped flowers.

It blooms continuously until frost if the faded flowers are removed.

Citrus: Family of plants (Lemon, Orange) that require mild climates or winter protection.

Growing from seed is slow and often requires subsequent grafting to produce good fruit.

Cape Gooseberry (Physalis): Plant with orange fruits enclosed in decorative papery calyxes.

The fruits are edible only when fully ripe; the rest of the plant is poisonous.

Alyssum: Fragrant ground cover with myriads of small white or purple flowers.

Ideal for rock gardens, it self-seeds easily and returns every year.

Bay laurel (Laurus nobilis): Aromatic evergreen shrub used for hedges and in cooking.

Very hardy, it tolerates drastic pruning and urban pollution.

Amaranth: Ornamental and food plant (pseudo-cereal) with pendulous inflorescences.

It loves intense heat and poor soil; the seeds are rich in proteins.

Soil improver: Substance added to the soil to improve its physical structure (e.g. manure, sand).

It differs from fertilizer which serves mainly to nourish, while the soil improves.

Dill: Aromatic annual plant similar to fennel, used in fish and pickles.

It should be sown directly into the ground because the taproot is difficult to transplant.

Watermelon: A summer cucurbit that requires a lot of space, water, and heat.

To understand the ripening, observe the dry tendril near the fruit.

Annual: A plant that completes its life cycle (from seed to seed) in a single season.

They offer more intense blooms than perennials to maximize reproduction.

Pesticide: Product used to combat insects or pathogens on plants.

Opt for organic products such as Neem oil or soft potassium soap.

Aquilegia: Elegant perennial flower for partial shade areas.

It hybridizes easily, creating new spontaneous colors in the garden.

Expanded clay: Inert material used on the bottom of pots for drainage.

Avoid water stagnation which leads to root rot.

Asparagus: A perennial vegetable that produces edible shoots in spring.

It takes 2-3 years from sowing before starting to produce an abundant harvest.

Bacillus Thuringiensis: Bacterium used as a biological insecticide against caterpillars (Lepidoptera).

Selective and safe for bees, it acts by ingestion on the larvae.

Bamboo: Giant, fast-growing grass for hedges and barriers.

Beware of invasive (tracer) varieties that require root barriers.

Beetroot: Sweet red root vegetable, easy to grow.

The leaves are also edible and are cooked like spinach.

Basil: The aromatic plant par excellence, it fears cold temperatures below 10°C.

Pruning the inflorescences prolongs the life of the plant and maintains the aroma of the leaves.

Begonia: Flowering or leafy plant, excellent for shady areas.

Semperflorens varieties tolerate sun but do not tolerate waterlogging.

Bella di Notte: Fragrant flower that opens at sunset, produces tubers.

Very rustic, it reseeds itself becoming almost invasive.

Chard (Swiss chard): A very productive leafy and stalk vegetable.

The coloured-ribbed varieties (yellow, red) are ornamental as well as good.

Biennial: A plant that lives for two years: the first produces leaves, the second flowers and dies.

Classic examples are parsley, carrots (if sent to seed) and pansies.

Bignonia: Vigorous climber with orange trumpet-shaped flowers.

Very resistant to heat and drought once established.

Biodiversity: The variety of living species in an ecosystem (or garden).

A biodiverse garden is more resistant to disease and pests.

Snapdragon: A classic flower with a distinctive shape, loved by children.

In mild climates it behaves as a short-lived perennial.

Bonsai: The art of growing miniature trees (there are no specific "bonsai seeds").

We start from the seeds of common trees (pines, maples) and work with prunings.

Borage: Medicinal plant with edible starry blue flowers, friendly to bees.

It goes well with strawberries and tomatoes.

Boxwood (Buxus): Small-leaved evergreen for formal hedges and topiary.

Watch out for the European corn borer, a caterpillar that can quickly defoliate the plant.

Botany: The science that studies plant life.

Knowing botanical names helps you accurately identify plants without errors.

Broccoli: Cabbage that produces compact green or purple inflorescences.

Rich in antioxidants, it prefers cool climates to ripen.

Buddleja: "Butterfly tree", shrub that attracts pollinators.

It should be pruned vigorously in late winter to encourage large flowers.

Bulb: Underground storage organ that allows the plant to survive when dormant.

Includes Tulips, Daffodils, Hyacinths and Onions.

Cactus: Succulent plants adapted to arid climates, often with spines.

They require very draining soil and dry rest in winter.

Calendula: Orange medicinal flower, useful for the skin and for the garden.

The roots help to clean the soil of nematodes.

Chamomile: Annual aromatic used in calming infusions.

It is harvested when the white petals begin to curve downwards.

Hemp: A fibrous plant grown for textile, construction, or horticultural uses.

Excellent plant for phytoremediation (cleaning contaminated soil).

Caper: Mediterranean rock shrub, the buds are consumed.

Difficult to sow, it loves to grow between the stones of dry stone walls.

Artichoke: Perennial plant of which the immature flower head is consumed.

It requires mild winters and a lot of space in the garden.

Carrot: Tap root rich in vitamins.

It requires loose, sandy soil to grow upright.

Cabbage: Large family (Brassicas) which includes Savoy cabbage, Cabbage, Black cabbage, Turnip.

Voracious for nitrogen, they require well-fertilized soil.

Cedar: May indicate the conifer (Cedrus) or the citrus fruit (Citrus medica).

The Cedar of Lebanon is a slow-growing, monumental tree.

Celosia: Annual flower with bright crested or feathery inflorescences.

Perfect for drying, it keeps its color for a long time.

Cucumber: A climbing summer vegetable that needs plenty of water.

Modern varieties lack the bitter taste.

Chicory: Bitter salad for cutting or as a head (Radicchio, Catalonia).

The cold improves the flavor and crunchiness of the leaves.

Cherry: Fruit tree (sweet) or flowering tree (Japanese ornamental).

Requires compatible pollinators nearby to fruit.

Onion: Biennial bulb grown as an annual.

Day length influences bulb formation.

Coleus: A plant grown for its incredibly colored leaves.

It adapts well to light shade where the colors remain vivid.

Compost: Fertile soil obtained from the decomposition of organic waste.

Improves soil structure and nourishes plants naturally.

Fertilizer: Fertilizer that provides NPK (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium).

It can be organic (manure) or mineral (chemical).

Coriander: Aromatic (“Chinese parsley”) that produces spicy seeds.

Tends to bolt quickly in warm weather; sow in spring or fall.

Cosmea: Simple, graceful flower on tall stems.

It flowers best in poor soil; too much fertilizer only favors the leaves.

Cotyledon: The first one or two embryonic leaves to emerge from the seed.

They distinguish plants into Monocotyledons (e.g. corn) and Dicotyledons (e.g. beans).

Dahlia: Summer tuberous plant with spectacular, colorful flowers.

The tubers should be dug up in winter in areas where it freezes.

Datterino: Small, elongated and very sweet tomato.

Ideal for fresh sauces or direct consumption as a snack.

Deciduous: Plant that loses its leaves during the adverse season (winter).

Opposite of evergreen; allows the plant to save energy.

Delphinium: "Speronella", perennial with tall blue or purple spikes.

It loves cool climates and fears stagnant winter humidity.

Dandelion (Taraxacum): Edible wild plant with yellow flowers.

The young leaves are excellent in salads and have a purifying effect.

Dichondra: Round-leaved ground cover for non-walkable lawns.

It does not require pruning, ideal for ornamental areas in the shade or in the sun.

Digitalis: Poisonous biennial with very decorative bell-shaped flowers.

Attracts bumblebees; flowers the second year after sowing.

Dioecious: A plant species that has male and female flowers on different plants.

Examples: Kiwi, Holly, Hemp. Both sexes are needed for fruit.

Dipladenia: Tropical climber with showy flowers, for sunny balconies.

It fears frost and should be brought into a greenhouse or house during the winter.

Weed control: The practice of removing weeds.

Mulching is the best natural preventative weed control method.

Division (of tufts): Method of propagation of perennials.

The roots are divided in autumn to rejuvenate the plant and multiply it.

Corn Salad (Valerianella): Frost-resistant winter salad (Songino).

It is sown in late summer for autumn-winter harvests.

Dormancy: State of rest of the seed that prevents immediate germination.

Defense mechanism to avoid sprouting in the wrong season.

Tarragon: Aromatic with an aniseed flavor, essential in French cuisine.

There is a Russian variety (from seed, less tasty) and a French variety (from cutting).

Drainage: The soil's ability to drain excess water.

Essential to prevent rot; improve with sand or perlite.

Drupe: A type of fleshy fruit with a single woody seed inside.

Examples: Peach, Cherry, Apricot, Olive.

Echinacea: Medicinal perennial flower resembling a pink/purple daisy.

Known to stimulate the immune system and much loved by butterflies.

Ivy (Hedera): Robust evergreen climber, suitable for shade.

Useful for covering walls or fences, but can become invasive.

Helichrysum: "Curry Plant", aromatic with silvery foliage.

It loves the sun and dry soils; the smell is reminiscent of curry but it is not used for making it.

Hellebore: "Christmas Rose", blooms in midwinter.

Shade plant, very toxic but of great ornamental value.

Endive: Salad (smooth or curly) with a slightly bitter taste.

It is often tied (bleaching) to make the heart tender and sweet.

Chives: Aromatic perennial that forms tubular tufts with an onion flavor.

The purple flowers are edible and decorative in salads.

Catnip (Nepeta): Plant that induces euphoria in cats (different from grass for digestion).

It also has mosquito repellent properties.

Alfalfa: Forage legume used as green manure.

It enriches the soil with nitrogen and works it deeply with the roots.

Erica: Small acidophilic shrub with winter or autumn flowering.

Perfect for colouring planters and gardens in the colder months.

Temperature range: Difference in temperature between day and night.

Essential for the color and flavor of many fruits and vegetables.

Exotic: A plant native to a different and distant geographical area.

It often requires specific care to adapt to the local climate.

Exposure: Orientation to the sun (North, South, East, West).

Determine which plants can be grown in a given spot.

Drying: Process of dehydrating to preserve seeds or flowers.

It must be done in a dark and dry place to maintain aromas and colors.

Aestivation: Summer vegetative rest due to excessive heat.

Some plants (e.g. wild cyclamens) disappear in summer only to return in autumn.

Eucalyptus: Fast-growing Australian tree with fragrant leaves.

Used for cut foliage and to reclaim marshy land (absorbs a lot of water).

Etiolation: Abnormal elongation and paleness of the plant due to lack of light.

The seedlings "throw" themselves away, seeking light, becoming weak.

Green bean: Variety of bean in which the whole immature pod is eaten.

There are dwarf varieties (no support required) and climbing varieties (more productive).

Bean: A basic legume in the diet, eaten fresh or dried.

It fixes nitrogen in the soil, improving it for subsequent crops.

Broad bean: Very rustic winter/spring legume.

It is sown in November in the South or in February in the North. It fears the heat.

Fern: Ancient flowerless plant that reproduces by spores.

Queen of shady and humid gardens.

Phenology: Study of the stages of plant development in relation to climate.

It helps decide the times of sowing and harvesting.

Iron (Chelated): Essential microelement to avoid chlorosis (yellow leaves).

Acid-loving plants often suffer from a deficiency in calcareous soils.

Fertilizer: Food for plants (see Manure).

Use sparingly to avoid salt burns to the roots.

Cornflower: Blue wildflower, edible and honey-producing.

Once a wheat weed, today it is valuable for biodiversity.

Edible Flowers: Edible flowers (Viola, Nasturtium, Marigold).

To be grown without chemical pesticides for food use.

Phytosanitary: Product for the treatment of plant diseases.

Includes fungicides, insecticides, acaricides.

Taproot: Large main root that goes deep (e.g. carrot).

Taproot plants suffer if grown in low pots or if transplanted poorly.

Photosynthesis: The process by which plants convert light into energy.

It requires light, water and carbon dioxide.

Strawberry: A much-loved fruit, a perennial herb.

The "ever-bearing" varieties produce fruit from spring to autumn.

Windbreak: Hedge or barrier to protect the vegetable garden from strong winds.

Excessive wind dehydrates plants and breaks stems.

Freesia: Bulbous plant with highly scented trumpet-shaped flowers.

Originally from South Africa, it loves the sun and mild climates.

Fungicide: Product against parasitic fungi (powdery mildew, downy mildew).

Copper and sulfur are the classic fungicides permitted in organic farming.

Carnation (Dianthus): Classic, fragrant and long-lasting flower.

The "Poets' Carnations" are biennials that are highly appreciated in borders.

Jasmine: Climbing plant known for its intense scent (e.g. Trachelospermum).

True jasmine fears the cold; "false jasmine" is much more hardy.

Bud: Plant organ from which leaves, branches or flowers arise.

Pruning is based on the recognition of flower or wood buds.

Geranium (Pelargonium): The king of Italian balconies.

Fear the geranium butterfly (Cacyreus); treat preventatively.

Germinability: Ability of a seed to give rise to a plant.

It decreases over time; old seeds have low germination.

Germination: The emergence of the seedling from the seed.

It requires humidity, the right temperature, and (sometimes) darkness or light.

Lily (Lilium): Bulbous plant with large, majestic flowers.

Watch out for the "Criocero", a red insect that eats leaves.

Juniper: Conifer whose berries are used in cooking and in gin.

Very rustic and drought-resistant plant.

Sunflower: Iconic summer flower, easy to grow.

Giant varieties reach 3-4 metres; dwarf potted varieties also exist.

Gladiolus: Summer bulb with tall flower spikes.

The bulbs (corms) must be planted in steps to have flowers all summer.

Wisteria: Vigorous climber with lilac clusters in spring.

It requires very sturdy structures because the trunks become powerful.

Godetia: Annual flower with satiny pink or red petals.

Excellent for cut flowers and colorful borders.

Graminaceae: Family that includes lawn grasses, cereals, and bamboo.

Ornamental grasses are all the rage in modern gardens.

Wheat: Basic cereal (Soft for bread, Hard for pasta).

It can also be grown on a small scale in the educational garden.

Guano: Powerful organic fertilizer derived from seabird droppings.

Very rich in phosphorus and nitrogen, it must be dosed carefully.

Gypsophila: "Bridal Veil", a cloud of little white flowers.

Indispensable in bouquets to give lightness.

Habanero: Very spicy and fruity chili pepper.

It requires high temperatures and a long season to ripen.

Habitat: The natural environment in which a plant lives.

Recreating the right habitat is the key to gardening success.

Hardiness: A plant's resistance to cold.

It is measured in USDA zones; essential for choosing perennials.

Helianthus: Botanical name of the Sunflower.

It literally means "Flower of the Sun".

Helichrysum: Helichrysum, ornamental and medicinal plant.

Silvery leaves and papery yellow flowers that dry well.

Hemerocallis: "Daylily", lily-like perennial.

Each flower lasts only one day, but the plant produces many of them.

Heuchera: Shade perennial grown for its colorful leaves.

There are varieties with purple, caramel, lime and silver leaves.

Hibiscus (Hibiscus): Shrubs with large funnel-shaped flowers.

Hibiscus syriacus is rustic and resists the cold, Rosa-sinensis is not.

Hokkaido: Japanese pumpkin variety (Potimarron) with edible peel.

Dense pulp with a chestnut flavour, much appreciated.

Hosta: Queen of shade foliage plants.

Be careful of snails, they are very fond of them.

Humus: Stable decomposed organic matter in soil.

It improves fertility and water retention; it is the "black gold" of the soil.

Hybrid: Cross between two different varieties (e.g. F1).

Hybrids often have "hybrid vigor" (more productive/hardy) but the seeds are not true-to-life.

Hydrangea: Botanical name of the hydrangea.

The color of the flowers varies according to the pH of the soil (acidic blue, alkaline pink).

Hydroponics: Soilless cultivation in water and nutrients.

It allows you to grow in small spaces and with less water.

Hypericum (St. John's Wort): Shrub with yellow flowers and decorative berries.

St. John's wort is known for its antidepressant properties.

Hyssopus (Hyssop): Biblical aromatic with blue flowers.

It attracts many bees and butterflies.

F1 Hybrid: First generation of a controlled cross.

It ensures uniformity and resistance, but the collected seeds do not replicate the mother plant.

Iceberg (Lettuce): Very crisp ball-shaped lettuce variety.

It tolerates heat well but has fewer nutrients than dark-leaf lettuces.

Hydroponics: A growing technique without soil (see Hydroponics).

Ideal for lettuce and basil in urban environments.

Ilex (Holly): Evergreen shrub with red winter berries.

It requires male and female plants to produce berries.

Blanching: Technique for making vegetables more tender and less bitter.

Plants (e.g. cardoon, escarole) are tied or covered to deprive them of light.

Impatiens: "Glass Flower", shade-flowering annual.

It suffers terribly from lack of water, wilting quickly.

Pollination: Transport of pollen to fertilize the flower.

It can be anemophilous (wind) or entomophilous (insects). Essential for fruit.

Endive: See Endive.

Autumn-winter leafy vegetable.

Insertion: Covering the ground with grass between the rows (e.g. vineyard).

It protects the soil from erosion and facilitates the passage of vehicles.

Weed: A plant that grows where it is not wanted (weed).

They compete with crops for water and nutrients.

Inflorescence: Grouping of flowers on the same axis.

Examples: the umbel of a carrot or the flower head of a sunflower.

Grafting: Union of two plants: rootstock (roots) and scion (crown).

It is used to give resistance and quality to fruits and roses.

Insecticide: Product for eliminating harmful insects.

Excessive use also harms beneficial insects.

Insolation: Amount of direct sunlight received.

Tomatoes and peppers require maximum sunlight.

St. John's Wort: Rustic ground cover plant (see Hypericum).

Excellent for consolidating slopes.

Ipomea: "Campanella", a very fast-growing annual climber.

The flowers open in the morning and close in the afternoon.

Iris (Iris): Rhizomatous or bulbous plant with elegant flowers.

Bearded Iris loves sun and well-drained soil.

Irrigation: Artificial supply of water.

Drip irrigation is the most efficient way to save water and avoid wetting the leaves.

Jalapeno: Mexican chili pepper of medium heat.

Often harvested green, excellent for pickles and stuffing.

Japonica: Indicates Japanese origin (e.g. Camellia japonica).

Often synonymous with acid-loving or shade-loving plants.

Jardin: International term for Garden.

Used to indicate styles (Jardin d'hiver - winter garden).

Jasminum: Botanical name for Jasmine.

Includes scented (Officinale) and winter (Nudiflorum) species.

Jiffy: Pressed peat discs that swell in water.

Used for sowing, they can be transplanted directly without stressing the roots.

Jojoba: Shrub from which a cosmetic oil (liquid wax) is extracted.

Desert climate plant, very heat resistant.

Jonquil (Daffodil): A type of scented narcissus.

Early spring flowering.

Josta (Grape): A cross between blackcurrant and gooseberry.

Thornless, it produces very tasty dark berries.

Juglans: Botanical name of the walnut tree.

The roots release juglone, a substance that inhibits the growth of other nearby plants.

Jujube (Jujube): Tree that produces "jujubes", Chinese dates.

Very rustic and drought-resistant.

Juncus (Rush): Aquatic or wetland plant with cylindrical stems.

Used for phytoremediation and water gardens.

Juniperus: Botanical name of the Juniper.

Large genus ranging from ground covers to columnar trees.

Justicia: Ornamental plant (e.g. Justicia carnea).

Tropical shade plant with showy flowers.

Jute: Natural fiber used for ties and netting in the garden.

Biodegradable, perfect for supporting plants without polluting.

Juvenile (Phase): Young stage of the plant in which it does not produce flowers.

In some trees it can last for years before the first fruiting.

Persimmon (Diospyros): "Japanese lotus", autumn fruit tree.

Fruits often need to be allowed to ripen after harvesting (maturing).

Kalanchoe: A very common flowering succulent plant in apartments.

Short-day: It blooms when the days get shorter.

Kale: Kale, a nutrient-rich superfood.

Very resistant to frost, in fact the cold softens its leaves.

Kalmia: Acidophilous evergreen shrub with geometric flowers.

Beautiful alternative to rhododendrons.

Kenaf: Textile hibiscus grown for fiber and biomass.

Extremely rapid growth.

Kentia: Elegant indoor palm.

It tolerates low light better than other palms.

Kerria: Deciduous shrub with yellow pom-pom flowers in spring.

The green branches are decorative even in winter.

Kigelia: "Sausage tree", tropical with huge fruits.

Botanical curiosities for botanical gardens.

Kiwi (Actinidia): Vigorous fruit-bearing climber.

It requires sturdy supports and plenty of water in summer.

Knautia: Perennial herbaceous plant similar to Scabiosa.

Colorful flowers that attract butterflies.

Kniphofia: "Tritoma", exotic orange brush-shaped flower.

Very durable and scenic.

Kobrezia: Grass similar to Carex.

For natural and rock gardens.

Kochia: "Summer cypress", an annual plant that turns red in autumn.

It forms perfect rounded bushes.

Kohlrabi: German name for Kohlrabi.

The enlarged, spherical stem is eaten.

Kolkwitzia: "Beauty" shrub, cascading pink flowers.

Rustic and easy to grow.

Kumquat: Chinese mandarin that is eaten with the peel.

One of the most cold-resistant citrus fruits.

Labiate (Lamiaceae): Family of aromatic plants (Mint, Sage, Rosemary).

Featuring square stems and essential oils.

Lagestroemia: Ornamental tree with prolonged summer flowering.

The smooth bark is decorative in winter.

Raspberry: A shrubby cane-shaped berry.

The everbearing varieties produce in June and then in September.

Lantana: Shrub with flowers that change color (yellow, orange, red).

Very resistant to sun and drought, but fears frost.

Lettuce: Basic garden salad (Lactuca sativa).

It fears excessive heat which causes it to bolt.

Cherry laurel: Classic evergreen hedge shrub.

Fast growing and very covering.

Lavender: Aromatic Mediterranean plant with fragrant purple flowers.

It loves the sun and calcareous soils, it hates stagnant water.

Legumes: Family that produces pods (Beans, Peas).

Essential for enriching the soil with nitrogen.

Lentil: Ancient legume grown for its seeds.

Low and slender plant, it requires soil free from weeds.

Lilium: See Lily.

Flowering bulb.

Lemon: Reblooming citrus fruit (4 seasons).

In the North it should be grown in a pot and sheltered in a cold greenhouse.

Flax: Plant grown for fiber or seeds, with beautiful blue flowers.

Red flax is a splendid ornamental variety.

Lobelia: Small blue or purple flower for borders and pots.

It loves partial shade and constant humidity.

Luffa: "Sponge courgette", the dried fruits become vegetable sponges.

Climbing plant that requires a very long, warm summer season.

Lupin: Legume with tall colored ears.

It prefers acidic soils, unlike many other legumes.

Hops: A perennial climbing plant used for brewing beer.

The young spring shoots are edible like asparagus.

Mediterranean scrub: Ecosystem of drought-resistant shrubs (Myrtle, Mastic).

Inspiration for low-water gardens.

Marjoram: Aromatic, similar to oregano but sweeter and more delicate.

Less cold-hardy than oregano.

Magnolia: Tree with large flowers, deciduous (stellata) or evergreen (grandiflora).

It loves slightly acidic and deep soils.

Corn: Summer cereal (Zea mays).

Sweet corn should be isolated from other varieties to maintain its sweetness.

Mallow: Spontaneous medicinal plant with purple flowers.

Soothing and emollient, very easy to grow.

Almond tree: First fruit tree to flower in late winter.

It fears late frosts that burn the flowers.

Daisy: Classic white flower with a yellow heart.

Simple and rustic, a symbol of innocence.

Eggplant: Summer nightshade that loves scorching heat.

It requires a lot of water and abundant fertilization.

Melissa: "Lemon balm", aromatic with a lemony scent.

Relaxing and digestive, it tends to become invasive.

Apple tree: The most common fruit tree.

Requires treatments to prevent scab and apple worm.

Pomegranate: Shrub or small tree with fruit rich in red seeds.

Very ornamental also for its red flowers; drought-resistant.

Melon: Sweet and fragrant cucurbit.

It requires potassium-rich soil to develop sugars.

Mint: Very fresh and invasive aromatic.

It should be grown strictly in a pot so as not to invade the entire garden.

Blueberry: Acidophilic berry.

It absolutely requires acidic soil (peat) to survive.

Misticanza: Mixture of salad greens.

It is harvested and regrowth several times.

Monocotyledon: Class of plants with a single embryonic leaf (e.g. wheat, tulip).

They have parallel veins and fasciculated roots.

Blackberry: Fruit of a bramble, thorny or defenseless.

Vigorous and productive, easy to grow as a trellis.

Moss: A simple plant that loves moist shade.

Used decoratively in Japanese gardens.

Narcissus: Yellow or white spring bulb.

The bulbs are poisonous and rodents will not eat them, making them ideal for naturalizing.

Nasturtium: Edible flower with a spicy flavor.

"Trap" plant that attracts aphids, saving other crops.

Nashi: "Asian pear", a crunchy and juicy fruit.

Similar to an apple but with the flavor of a pear.

Spraying: Fine spray of water on the leaves.

Useful for tropical plants that love ambient humidity.

Nematodes: Microscopic soil worms.

Some are harmful (root galls), others useful (they eat larvae).

Nemesia: Brightly colored annual for pots.

It flowers profusely in cool spring.

Nepeta: See Catnip.

Aromatic perennial with blue flowers.

Nerine: Autumn bulb with elegant pink flowers.

It flowers when the leaves are absent.

Medlar: There is the Japanese Medlar (orange spring fruits) and the Common Medlar (brown autumn fruits).

The common medlar requires half-ripening of the fruit.

Nigella: "Green damsel", blue annual flower.

Black seeds are used as a spice in oriental bread.

Nitrate: Form of nitrogen that can be absorbed by plants.

Stimulates green leaf growth.

Hazelnut: Fruit-bearing shrub that produces hazelnuts.

It produces pollen very early in winter, which is important for bees.

Walnut: Large fruit and timber tree.

It requires large and deep spaces.

Forget-me-not (Myosotis): Little blue spring flowers.

Biennial ideal for undergrowth.

NPK: Acronym for macroelements in fertilizers (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium).

The numbers (e.g. 20-20-20) indicate the percentage of each element.

Water lily: Floating aquatic plant.

Requires full sun to open the flowers.

Ocimum: Botanical name for Basil.

Genus that includes many aromatic species.

Powdery mildew: "Powdery mildew", a fungus that covers leaves with a white powder.

It is fought with Sulfur; it affects Zucchini and Roses.

Oleander: A flowering and poisonous Mediterranean shrub.

Highly resistant to heat, drought and salty winds.

Olive tree (Ulivo): Symbolic tree of the Mediterranean.

Slow growing, long-lived, fears water stagnation.

Elm: Majestic deciduous tree.

Often used for bonsai.

Shade: Exposure without direct sun.

Necessary for plants such as hostas, ferns and impatiens.

Shading (Net): Cloth to reduce solar intensity.

It protects vegetables from sunburn in midsummer.

Orchid: Family of plants with complex flowers (e.g. Phalaenopsis).

Most are epiphytes (live on trees) and require bark substrate.

Organic: Relating to substances of natural origin (not synthetic).

Organic farming is synonymous with biological.

Oregano: Perennial aromatic for pizza and sauces.

The aroma intensifies if the plant grows in the sun and dry conditions.

Hydrangea: Acidophilous flowering shrub.

It requires plenty of water and partial shade.

Nettle: A stinging but very useful plant.

It is used to make macerate, an excellent fertilizer and insecticide.

Vegetable garden: Land intended for growing vegetables.

It can be traditional, synergistic, raised or potted.

Synergistic Garden: Natural cultivation method without soil cultivation.

It is based on permanent mulching and intercropping.

Osmocote: Type of slow-release granular fertilizer.

Releases nutrients gradually over months.

Oxygenation: Presence of air in the soil (for the roots) or in the water.

Compact soil suffocates the roots.

Osteospermum: "African Daisy", drought-tolerant.

Bright flowers that close in the evening.

Mulching: Covering the soil with straw, bark or sheeting.

Saves water, stops weeds and protects roots.

Palm: Exotic plant typical of warm climates.

Beware of the Red Palm Weevil, a lethal parasite.

Sugarloaf: Autumnal elongated head chicory.

It resists cold well and can be kept for a long time.

Poppy: Wild flower (corn poppy) or ornamental.

It loves loose soil; it does not tolerate transplanting.

Passiflora: Climbing "Passion Flower".

Some species produce edible fruits (Maracuja).

Potato: Edible underground tuber.

It should be earthed up (covered with soil) to prevent the tubers from becoming green and toxic.

Paulownia: Ultra-fast growing tree with lilac flowers.

Used to produce wood and biomass quickly.

Peony: Sumptuous flower, herbaceous or shrubby.

She lives for decades but hates being moved.

Chili pepper: A spicy vegetable in infinite varieties.

Capsaicin (hotness) increases with water stress.

Pepper: Sweet and fleshy summer vegetable.

It requires support because the heavy fruits can break the branches.

Pear: Climacteric fruit (ripens after harvesting).

There are summer, autumn and winter varieties.

Perennial: A plant that lives for more than two years.

In winter it may lose the aerial part but the root survives.

Perlite: White expanded rock used to lighten soil.

It promotes drainage and aeration.

Peach: Juicy summer fruit.

It suffers from "peach curl", a fungal disease that must be prevented in winter.

Petunia: A very floriferous annual balcony flower.

It requires regular fertilization to flower all summer long.

pH: Measure of the acidity or alkalinity of the soil.

It affects the availability of nutrients to plants.

Pine: Conifer with needles gathered in bundles.

The stone pine produces edible pine nuts.

Pea: Climbing or dwarf spring legume.

It loves the cool, but suffers from the heat which stops production.

Tomato: The king of the summer garden.

Requires "deleting" (removal of axillary shoots) in indeterminate varieties.

Leek: A stem vegetable similar to the onion but sweeter.

Very resistant to winter cold.

Pruning: Cutting branches to regulate growth and fruiting.

It must be done with clean, sharp tools.

Parsley: Slow-germinating biennial aromatic herb.

It grows well even in partial shade.

Primrose: First flower of spring.

It loves cool, humid conditions, but suffers from dry heat.

Grid: A method of sowing seeds at regular intervals in all directions.

It optimizes space compared to planting in distant rows.

Quail (Bean): Variety of mottled bean ("quail egg").

Highly appreciated for the flavour and aesthetics of the seeds.

Quality (Seed): A combination of varietal purity and germinability.

Certified seeds guarantee better results and the absence of diseases.

Quamoclit: "Ipomea quamoclit", climber with red star-shaped flowers.

Very fine and decorative foliage, attracts hummingbirds (or sphinxes in Italy).

Sowing rate: Density of seeds per square meter.

Planting too densely leads to weak plants and fungal diseases.

Quarantina: Short-cycle variety (about 40 days).

Term used for beans or early vegetables ready quickly.

Quarter Moon: Lunar phase considered for biodynamic sowing.

Waxing Moon for fruit/flowering vegetables, Waning Moon for roots/leaves.

Quassia (bitter): Plant from which a natural insecticide is extracted.

Effective against aphids, permitted in organic farming.

Oak: Genus of majestic trees (Oak, Holm Oak, English Oak).

A symbol of strength, it is home to incredible biodiversity.

Quercus: Botanical name of the oak.

Acorns should be sown immediately after harvesting; they should not be stored dry.

Quesnelia: Genus of Bromeliads (relatives of the pineapple).

Exotic ornamental plants with stiff leaves.

Quiabo: Another name for Okra or Gombo.

Tropical vegetable used in Cajun and African cuisine.

Quiescence: State of forced rest of seeds (or plants) due to an unfavorable environment.

Different from internal dormancy; it ceases as soon as the right conditions return.

Quince: English name for the quince (Cydonia oblonga).

Used as a dwarfing rootstock for pear trees.

Quincunx: A "five of a die" arrangement of trees.

It allows each plant to have equal space and light.

Quinoa: Andean protein pseudo-cereal.

Also growable in Italy, related to spinach.

Quisqualis: Tropical climber (Combretum indicum).

The flowers change color from white to red during the day.

Rhubarb: Perennial plant whose cooked red stems are eaten.

The leaves are toxic (oxalic acid). It prefers cool, humid conditions.

Radicchio: Prized red chicory (e.g. Treviso, Chioggia).

The red color intensifies with cold.

Root: Underground organ for anchoring and absorption.

The health of the plant depends on the health of its roots.

Copper: Classic preventive fungicide (Bordeaux Mixture).

It protects against downy mildew and scab, but does not cure existing infections.

Climbing plant: A plant that grows vertically by clinging.

Requires supports, nets or trellises.

Ranunculus: Spring flower with saturated colors and dense petals.

The "spiders" (tuberous roots) must be hydrated before planting.

Turnip: Edible winter root (Brassica rapa).

Fast growing, loves cool climates.

Radish: Spicy root vegetable that grows very quickly (20-30 days).

Ideal for the children's garden. If watered too little, it becomes very spicy.

Resistance: Ability of the plant to tolerate disease or stress.

Resistant varieties reduce the need for treatments.

Castor oil plant: An imposing ornamental plant with palmate leaves.

The seeds are extremely poisonous (ricin), handle with care.

Repotting: Moving the plant to a larger pot.

Essential when the roots fill the entire root ball.

Rhizome: Underground stem that acts as a reserve (e.g. Iris, Ginger).

It can be cut into pieces to multiply the plant.

Robinia (Acacia): Invasive honey tree.

It produces excellent honey and hardwood, but colonizes forests.

Rhododendron: Acidophilous shrub with spectacular flowering.

It requires shade and always moist acidic soil.

Rose: The queen of flowers.

It requires specific pruning and regular fertilization.

Rosemary: Very resistant woody aromatic.

It loves the sun, it only fears water stagnation at the roots.

Rotation: The practice of alternating crops in the same soil.

Prevents nutrient depletion and pathogen buildup.

Arugula: Spicy salad, cultivated or wild.

It grows quickly and reseeds itself.

Rue: Aromatic medicinal plant with a pungent scent.

Cat and insect repellent plant.

Sage: An indispensable perennial herb.

It doesn't like excess water; prune after flowering to prevent it from becoming too leafy.

Elderberry: Shrub with scented white flowers (syrups) and black berries.

Be careful not to confuse it with Ebbio which is toxic.

Weeding: Surface tillage of the soil to break up the crust.

Aerates roots and removes weeds.

Scabiosa: Perennial or annual flower loved by butterflies.

Ideal for natural gardens and mixed borders.

Scarification: Abrasion of the hard shell of a seed.

It helps water penetrate to initiate germination.

Celery: Aromatic stalk vegetable.

It requires a lot of water and fertilizer; it often turns white.

Seedbed: A protected place for growing seedlings.

It allows you to anticipate the season by growing in the heat.

Evergreen: A plant that keeps its leaves all year round.

Ideal for creating visual screens even in winter.

Mustard: Plant used for its seeds (condiment) or as a green manure.

Disinfects the soil (biofumigation) when buried.

Greenhouse: Structure for growing crops in a controlled environment.

It protects from the cold and anticipates/extends harvests.

Soy: Protein legume (Edamame).

It requires a warm climate similar to the bean.

Solanaceae: Important family (Tomato, Pepper, Eggplant, Potato).

They contain solanine in the green parts; they require long crop rotation.

Sun: Direct exposure to sunlight.

Necessary for the ripening of summer fruits and vegetables.

Spinach: Leafy vegetable rich in iron.

It loves the cool, but goes to seed quickly in the heat.

Stolon: Creeping branch that roots and generates new plants (e.g. Strawberry).

Easy method for propagating ground cover plants.

Stratification: Cold treatment of seeds (refrigerator or winter outdoors).

Simulate winter to wake dormant seeds (e.g. trees, lavender).

Succulent: A succulent plant that stores water.

It rots easily if watered too much.

Surfinia: Very vigorous hanging variety of Petunia.

It requires a lot of water and constant fertilizer.

Bird of Paradise (Strelitzia): Exotic orange/blue flower.

It requires a mild climate (Southern Italy) or cultivation in a sheltered pot.

Humidity: Presence of water in the air or soil.

Stagnant moisture promotes fungal diseases.

Umus: See Humus.

Noble organic substance of the soil.

Uncinia: Red/bronze ornamental grass.

It creates very decorative colorful tufts even in winter.

Urea: Highly concentrated nitrogen fertilizer.

Use with caution to avoid burning the plants.

Urtica: Botanical name of the nettle.

Indicative plant of nitrogen-rich soil.

Stinging: Causing burning on contact (e.g. nettle hairs).

Plant defense mechanism against herbivores.

USDA (Zones): Climate zone classification system.

It helps you understand if a plant survives the winter in your area.

Ustilago: Fungal disease (Carbon) that affects cereals.

It turns the ears of corn into black powder.

Useful (Insect): Insect that helps the garden (Ladybug, Bee).

Ladybugs eat aphids; bees pollinate them.

Grapes: Fruit of the vine.

For table or wine; requires dry and green pruning.

Strawberry Grape: Resistant and fragrant American vine (Isabella).

It requires almost no maintenance, ideal for family pergolas.

Gooseberry: Thorny shrub that produces translucent berries.

It loves cool climates and partial shade; sweet-sour flavor.

Turkish Grape (Phytolacca): A weed with dark purple berries.

Toxic, often confused with edible plants.

Uvularia: Perennial shade plant with pendulous yellow flowers.

Rare and refined for woodland gardens.

Ulmus: Botanical name of the Elm.

Deciduous tree.

Valerian: Salad (see Dolcetta) or medicinal plant.

Valeriana officinalis is used for its calming roots.

Variety: A specific selection of a plant with unique characteristics.

Example: "Cuore di Bue" is a variety of tomato.

Pot: Growing container (plastic, earthenware, fabric).

The clay breathes (dries faster), the plastic retains water.

Vegetative (Phase): Period in which the plant produces leaves and stems.

It precedes the reproductive phase (flowers and fruits).

Mullein: Spontaneous biennial plant with tall yellow spikes.

Very scenic in natural gardens.

Verbena: Flowering plant for flowerbeds or pots.

Verbena bonariensis is tall and transparent, very fashionable.

Verigelia (Weigela): Hardy flowering shrub.

Abundant flowering in spring.

Vermiculite: Expanded mineral used to cover seeds.

It retains moisture and thermally insulates the seed.

Savoy cabbage: Cabbage with blistered and wrinkled leaves.

Frost makes the leaves more tender and sweet.

Viburnum: Genus of flowering or hedge shrubs (e.g. Snowball).

Some are evergreen, others deciduous and scented.

Vinca (Periwinkle): Evergreen ground cover for shade.

Purple or white flowers; covers the ground, preventing weeds.

Viola: Winter/spring flower (Mammole, Cornute).

They are frost-resistant and add color to the garden when everything else is asleep.

Vine (Vitis): Climbing plant that produces grapes.

It suffers from diseases such as downy mildew and powdery mildew.

Tendril: Prehensile organ (curl) of climbing plants.

It allows the plant to cling to supports.

Vivace: Synonym for herbaceous perennial plant.

It lives for several years but does not form woody trunks.

Pot (Repotting): Operation of changing container.

Do not exaggerate with the size of the new pot (max +2/4 cm).

Wasabi: "Japanese horseradish", a very spicy root.

Very difficult to grow, it requires fresh running water and shade.

Washingtonia: Fan palm very common in Italy.

Fast growing, quite hardy to moderate cold.

Watermelon: English term for watermelon (often on sachets).

Varieties such as "Sugar Baby" or "Crimson Sweet".

Watsonia: South African bulbous plant similar to the gladiolus.

Tall orange or pink flowers in summer.

Weigela: Deciduous spring-flowering shrub (see Verigelia).

Attracts hummingbirds and insects with its tubular flowers.

Wisteria: Botanical name for wisteria.

Very vigorous climbing legume.

Wolffia: The world's smallest flowering plant (duckweed).

Floating, edible in Asia.

Woodwardia: Very decorative giant fern.

For large, shady, humid gardens.

Wormwood: English name for Absinthe (Artemisia absinthium).

Silvery foliage and medicinal/bitter properties.

Wildflower: "Wildflowers", mix for wildflower meadows.

Seed mixes to attract bees and biodiversity.

Winter (Variety): Indicates winter varieties (e.g. Winter Squash).

They keep for a long time or are frost-resistant.

Wollemi Pine: "Wollemi Pine", an extremely rare living fossil.

Prehistoric conifer rediscovered in Australia.

Wyethia: "Mule's Ears," a perennial wild sunflower.

Hardy American plant.

Wahlenbergia: Creeping or annual bellflower.

Delicate blue flowers for rock gardens.

Waldsteinia: Shade ground cover similar to strawberries but with yellow flowers.

Excellent ground cover that inhibits weeds.

Saffron (Crocus sativus): Autumn-flowering bulb.

The red pistils (stigmas) are collected at dawn.

Zagara: The flower of citrus fruits (orange, lemon).

White, fleshy and very fragrant.

Crow's Foot: Grass weed (Eleusine) or root form (Buttercup, Asparagus).

The "paw" roots must be spread well in the planting hole.

Hoe: Essential tool for breaking up clods.

Symbol of manual labor in the garden.

Zea Mays: Botanical name for Maize.

Monoecious plant (male flowers on top, female flowers on panicles).

Zelkova: Elm-like tree, resistant to Dutch elm disease.

Beautiful autumn colour and elegant appearance.

Zen (Garden): Essential Japanese style.

Use raked gravel, rocks, and topiary evergreens.

Ginger: Spicy tropical rhizome.

It is grown in a pot in summer, taking it back in the cold.

Zeolite: Volcanic mineral used as a soil improver.

Improves water retention and cation exchange in the soil.

Zinnia: Colorful summer annual flower.

It does not fear the scorching heat, easy from seed.

Zizania: Wild rice, aquatic cereal.

Long, black grains, very nutritious.

Sulfur: Mineral fungicide in powder or wettable form.

Specific against powdery mildew; acts by sublimation with heat.

Clod: A clod of earth that surrounds the roots.

It must never dry out completely before transplanting.

Climate Zone: Geographical area defined by minimum temperatures.

Guides you in choosing the right perennials for your garden.

Pumpkin: A long-life autumn vegetable.

It requires very rich soil (even on a compost pile).

Zucchini: A very productive summer vegetable.

Harvest small fruits to stimulate new, continuous production.

Sugary: Sweet varieties (e.g. Corn, Tomato).

Sweetness depends on genetics and sunshine.